Grammaire

= [|Nouvelles règles d'orthographe] =

= [|French grammar links] = tons of good links for all sorts of topics = Les verbes = [|conjugaison] Tous les verbes conjugés dans tous les temps! site web très utile [|Complex sentences - review] Great for preparation of paper 2 [|realfrench grammar] conjugaison des verbes interactive et d'autres exercice de grammaire = La grammaire française: Règles et exercices =

[|Grammaire française pour tout le monde] [|Uni Texas Exercises and mp3 downloads] Revision of a variety of grammar topics. Well set up site. [|Didier Accord] Voilà un lien très utile pour toute une gamme de thèmes:[| MFL resources] = Revision of Grammar Topics = Grammar and chanson : A variety of songs with different grammatical focus. [|Grammar et chansons] Verbs, Adjectives, Past Tenses, Articles, Future tense: Revision and Tests [|BBC French Bite Size] Revision with a twist: A crime story on different levels, including vocab and grammar exercises and explanations [|Polar FLE] =** The imperative **= The imperative is used to give orders, or express wishes. The imperative is a very direct way to give an order. It is often replaced with more polite alternatives like the conditional. [|impératif explication et exercices] [|Impératif règles et formes] [|Imperative of auxiliary verbs] = = = Comment traduire la préposition temporelle "for"? =
 * There are three prepositions in French, //depuis //, //pendant // and //pour //, that are translated as 'for' and are used to indicate the duration of an event.

depuis
If an event began in the past and is **continuing** into the present, use [|'depuis' with the present tense].
 * //J'y ai travaillé depuis trois ans (I've been working there for three years)[[image:http://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/images/gr/transdot.gif width="1" height="5"]]//

pendant
//Pendant // literally means 'during', but it is usually best expressed in English as 'for' plus a certain amount of time. It can be used with all tenses.// Pendant // is used with the passé composé to indicate how long a **completed** activity lasted. Be careful not to use //depuis // with the passé composé in this context.
 * //J'ai fêté pendant une semaine après que j'avais obtenu mon bac (I partied for a week after passing my// school exams).

pour
The preposition //pour // is used in a variety of contexts. When translated as 'for' in English, it may designate the duration of a future event with the verbs //partir // and //aller //. Note that the verb may be conjugated in either the present or future tense.

|| [|Explication et exercices: depuis, pour, pendant = FOR]
 * //Je vais partir pour un an en France (I am going to France for a year).//

=** La voix passive - the passive voice **=

The passive voice is used with transitive verbs (= verbs that may have a direct object with them). In a passive sentence, the subject is no longer the agent (= part of speech who does the action)..

**ACTIVE VOICE**
Le chien mord l e garçon. (the subject is the dog. The dog does the action of biting - aie!) **PASSIVE VOICE** Le garçon est mordu par le chien. (The subject is the boy, but he does not bite - well he might, but not in this case anyway!)

To build the passive voice you need 3 steps:
 * 1. change the position of the subject and the direct object in the sentence,**
 * 2. choose a form of être (depending on the form and the tense - don't forget the accord if you have a feminine subject!) and**
 * 3. put PAR in front of the object.**

Example: Imagine someone who is loved by women at all times. Therefore we need lots of verb tenses:

PRESENT TENSE Il est aimé par les femmes. PERFECT TENSE Il a été aimé p ar les femmes. IMPERFECT TENSE Il était aimé par les femmes. PLUPERFECT TENSE Il avait été aimé par les femmes. FUTURE TENSE Il sera aimé p ar les femmes.

Overall the French language uses the passive voice less frequently than the English. You can always find structures to avoid the passive voice, such as "on" or reflexive verbs:


 * French is spoken = On parle français
 * How is that spelt = Cela s'écrit comment?
 * Newspapers are sold here = des journaux se vendent ici.
 * That is not done = Cela ne se fait pas.
 * This is not known. = Cela ne se sait pas.
 * The story is composed of three parts = L'histoire se compose de trois parties.


 * //La forêt a été détruite par l'homme. - On a détruit la forêt.//
 * //La forêt a été détruite par l'homme. - La forêt se voit détruit par l'homme.//

To revise and learn, watch the powerpoint below: [] [|voix passive - gamme d'exercices] [|Active to Passive exercice] [|Passive voice Lyon multiple choice] [|Languages Online Passive Exercises]

Explications et exercices
[|la voix passive bonjour de France]


 * Le discours indirect **

The reported speech is used to repeat something that has been said by someone else. Let's say someone tells you the following: "Je veux acheter une orange." Now you want to tell your friend about this outrageous plan.

The transformation of this bit of direct speech into le discours indirect depends on the verb tense used in the main clause (meaning the point of time when the speaker tells you about this orange eating business) [|Texas Uni explain and exercise]

Verb in the main clause is in the PRESENT TENSE
Il dit qu'il veut acheter une orange.

Verb in the main clause is in the PAST TENSE
Il a dit qu'il voulait acheter une orange.

For more details please watch the PPT show below. If you cannot open the file, check my french resources under year 13 [|K5 indirect speech]

[|Discours indirect et direct] [|style indirect et direct] [|Discours indirect exercises] [|Discours indirect lots of links to exercises] [|discours indirect polar FLE] [|Explication and exercises] = Si-Sentences (le conditionnel présent et passé) =

[|conditionel] [|Conditionnel chanson Grégoire] [|Rallye de la conjugaison conditionnel]

You can use Si (when/if) in complex sentences on three levels. Depending on the verb tense of the verbs used in the main clause and in the subclause you give your complex sentence a more or less realistic/hypothetical or irreal meaning. In each complex sentence you need to follow a specific verb tense rule that is called la concordance des temps:

REALIS (si + present tense COMMA, present or Future tense) S'il fait beau, je vais à la plage Si'il fait beau, j'irai à la plage. plage

POTENTIALIS (Si + imparfait COMMA conditionnel du présent) Si j'avais de l'argent, j'irais en France.

IRREALIS (Si + plus-que-parfait COMMA conditionnel du passé) Si j'avais vu les infos hier, j'aurais su qu'il y avait un tremblement de terre en Haiti.

__Exercice__ If unsure, revise the forms of the conditionnel in AU POINT (p. 244) or Essential Reprise. (future stem + imperfect endings)


 * Relative pronouns "QUI", "QUE", "DONT", "OÙ", "LEQUEL/LAQUELLE" **

[|pronoms relatifs columbia university] [|Virginia University relative pronouns] [|pronoms relatifs] [|pronoms relatifs 2] =** Direct and indirect object pronouns **=

[|direct and indirect object pronouns Columbia University] [|Y and EN University of Virginia] [|indirect pronouns] [|le la leur]

= Le Gérondif: EN + PARTICIPE PRÉSENT =

while, by, when, despite= The gérondif is used to link two sentences with the same subject  in a number of ways:


 * TIME (WHILE DOING...) **
 * Il est parti. Il courait= Il est parti en courant. He left (while) running.
 * Il a mangé. Il a lu le journal. = Il a mangé en lisant le journal. //He ate while reading the newspaper. //

**TIME (WHEN DOING)**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quand elle a regardé dans le sac à main, Susanne a trouvé un mouchoir.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">En regardant dans le sac à main, Susanne a trouvé un mouchoir.
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When she looked in her handbag, Susanne found a hankerchief. //


 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">MANNER (BY DOING) **
 * Les parents l'aideront. Ils répondront à ses questions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Les parents l'aideront en répondant à ses questions.
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The parents will help her by answering his questions. //


 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">CONCESSION (DESPITE DOING) **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">La police a des soupçons. Mais la police ignore l'identité du coupable.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">La police a des soupçons tout en ignorant l'identité du coupable.
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The police has suspicions, but does not know yet the identity of the guilty. //

<span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**1. Formation du gérondif: EN + Participe présent** [|explication participe passé - adjectif verbal - gérondif] <span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**2. Exercices online** [|Polarfle gérondif] [|gérondif to learn french] [|Participe Présent et Gérondif]
 * <span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Préposition || <span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">+ Racine du Verbe || <span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">+ Terminaison || <span style="color: #660000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">= ||
 * <span style="color: #000066; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">en || <span style="color: #000066; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">travaill... || <span style="color: #000066; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">-ant || <span style="color: #000066; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">en travaillant ||
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;">attention : ||||||< <span style="display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">faire- faisant ; dire- disant ; manger- mangeant ; savoir- sachant ; boire- buvant ; finir- finissant ; prendre- prenant ; paraître- paraissant ; avoir - <span style="color: #cc0000; display: block; font-family: Geneva,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">ayant, être - étant ||

= Le Participe Présent =



=** LE PARTICIPE PRESENT **=

a ller : all ant découvrir : découvr ant ... || aller : étant allé(e) découvrir : ayant découvert ... ||
 * radical de "nous" au présent || + || ant ||
 * partir : part ant
 * ** Exceptions ** ||
 * être : ét ant ||
 * avoir : ay ant ||
 * ** Formation composée ** ||
 * "être" ou "avoir" au participe présent || + || le participe passé du verbe ||
 * partir : étant parti(e)

> **Utilisations :** > 1. La forme simple du participe présent est toujours invariable. > 2. Elle remplace une proposition relative introduite par "qui", indique une notion de simultanéité. > La fille chantant une mélodie triste a pleuré. > 3. Elle peut également remplacer un complément de cause. (QUI) > Ne pas faisant attention aux traffic, Monsieur Dupont a presque eu un accident. (= COMME) > 4. La forme composée s'utilise uniquement en cas d'antériorité.

[|participe présent Polar FLE] [|Participe présent, adjectif verbal et gérondif] [|about.com participe présent] [|participe présent et gérondif Didier 1] [|participe présent et gérondif Didier 2] [|participe présent et gérondif Didier 3] =** Le Subjonctif **= media type="custom" key="9789158"
 * The subjunctive is only used after expressions with QUE and a certain number of conjunction s (which also contain que).
 * The subjonctif is a mood, not a tense. It determines the way how a speaker looks at an event.
 * THE FORM: For most verbs, the present of the subjunctive is formed by adding the regular endings (-e, -es, -e) to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd form singular and -ent to the 3rd form plural. The stem however is taken from the 3rd form plural. Thus some regular verbs look like that: que je prenne, qu'is lisent).
 * The stem for the 1st and 2nd person plural is taken form the 1st person plural (que nous pensions, vous preniez)
 * 1st, 2nd and 3rd form singular and the 3rd form plural of regular verbs on -er are the same as in the indicative!!!
 * THE FUNCTION: Let's have a look at the use of the subjunctive simple fact of you leaving: "Tu pars"

As a speaker I can utter just that sentence, or I introduce it by an expression with QUE which expresses my point of view or feelings towards the content of my utterance:


 * ** W ** Je veux que tu partes ( Wish )
 * ** E ** Je suis heureuse que tu partes ( emotions )
 * ** D **Je doute que tu partes ( doubt )
 * **D** Je désire que tu partes ( desire )
 * **I** Est-il vrai que tu partes ( Interrogatives, impersonal expressions)
 * **N** Je ne pense pas que tu partes ( Negatives )
 * **G** If faut que tu partes ( General statements, grief )
 * **S** C'est la meilleure nouvelle du jour que tu partes ( superlative )

To remember the main uses of the subjunctive, you might look at this acronym: ** WEDDINGS **:

Thumb rule for the "doubt" category: The more likely something is considered, the more likely is the use of the indicative!


 * Il est vrai que tu pars.
 * Il est probable que tu pars.
 * Il est sûr que tu pars
 * Il est évident que tu pars.
 * Il est peu probable que tu partes
 * Il n'est pas sûr que tu partes.
 * Il est exclu que tu partes.

[|Subjonctif explication et exercices] Here are some useful exercises: [|chansons et subjonctif] [|subjonctif columbia] [|BBC subjonctif présent] [|portables + subjonctif BBC] [|list of exercises in French] [|Rally de la conjugaison subjonctif présent] [|Rallly de la conjugaison subjonctif passé] [|subjonctif séjour à la neige] compréhension orale Bonjour de France, texte avec focus sur le subjonctif [|Subjonctif et chanson] [|Subjonctif Carla Bruni chanson] = ** Les verbes pronominaux ** in the past tense= [|verbes pronominaux past tense]

Les temps du passé [|Verbs in different tenses][|French verbs in 3 tenses][|PC versus imparfait Polar FLE] [|Passé composé et imparfait] [|conte de fée moderne: PC et imparfait]



= L'imparfait = media type="custom" key="7649651" = Le Passé Composé = Verbs taking être in the passé composé



[|Irregular Past Participles - Quizlet] [|Irregular Past Participles - Quilzlet - Sentences] [|Passé Composé ou imparfait?]

= Le plus-que-parfait =

Yet Another past tense.....! Oh Dear..... But: Nothing new really! Yeah! Form-wise it's just a combination of


 * avoir or être in the imparfait PLUS Past participle.**

In other terms: It's like the passé composé, only with avais,avais.. etc, instead of ai,as,a... __Meaning__: Revise the imparfait of avoir and être carefully, otherwise you cannot use it... Speaking of using: What for? Grosso modo it has the same use as the past perfect (I had gone) in English: It helps to talk about something that happened in the past before something in the past happened. Makes sense? By the age of 10 (which is in the past, since I am now older than 10!) I **had** already **learned** how to swim and do my shoelaces up. Try these exercises to gain more confidence in using this tense:

[|Explanation and exercises] [|PolarFLE plus-que-parfait] [|Plus-que-parfait] Articles - Revision and more download the document and revise the things you need to.



Time Expressions [|Expressions de temps]

=** Le Passé Simple **=

The historic past is a tense that is used only in written French. It is useful to recognize the main verb patterns and high frequency irregular verbs. Have a look at the powerpoint.

[|Passé simple avec Jacques Brel chanson]

= Y and EN =

[|En Texas Uni] Explanation and exercises

= ** Indefinite pronouns ** =

Indefinit pronouns replace nouns. They are unspecific and can be subject or object of a sentence. the use of indefinite pronouns gives your texts a very idiomatic feel to it!


 * French indefinite pronouns ||
 * un(e) autre || another one || 1, 2 ||
 * d'autres || others || 1, 2 ||
 * certain(e)s || certain ones || 1, 2 ||
 * chacun(e) || each one || 1, 3, 4 ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|on] __ || one || 5 ||
 * plusieurs || several || 1, 2, 3 ||
 * quelque chose || something || 4, 6 ||
 * quelqu'un || someone || 4, 6 ||
 * quelques-uns || some, a few || 1, 2, 3 ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|quiconque] __ || anyone || 4 ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|soi] __ || oneself || 7 ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|tel] __ || one, someone ||  ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|tout] __ || everything || 4 ||
 * tout le monde || everyone || 4 ||
 * __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|un, l'un] __ || one || 3 ||

[|French about com indefinit pronouns] =<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 25px; line-height: 37px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Emphatic pronouns - Pronouns toniques =

Emphatic pronouns are used to lay emphasis on something. In French, they are known as « Pronoms Toniques ». They are used in the following cases · **To stress on the subject or object (pronoun)** Moi, j'ai vu ce film beaucoup de fois. //Me, I have seen this film a lot of times.//

J'adore des chocolats, et toi? //I love chocolates, and you?//

Moi aussi. //Me too.// Il t'aime, toi! //He likes you!//

Nous, ils nous donnent un nouveau projet. //They are giving us a new project.// · **After a preposition** Je ne vais pas à l'école __sans__ toi. //I am not going to school without you.//

· **After a comparative** Je suis plus grand que lui. //I am taller than him.//

Nous sommes plus intelligents que vous. //We are more intelligent than you (people).//

· **After an affirmative (not negative!) imperative** Passe-moi le sel! //Pass me the salt!//

Donne-moi ton adresse! //Give me your address!// Listen to the song of GREGOIRE (link on page chansons) and fill the table with the missing pronouns
 * **Pers. pronoun** |||| **Emphatic pronoun** |||| **Pers. Pronoun** |||| **Emphatic pronoun** ||
 * je ||||  |||| nous |||| nous ||
 * tu ||||  |||| vous |||| vous ||
 * il || elle ||  ||   || ils || elles ||   || elles ||

[|Pronouns toniques] [|BBC Emphatic pronouns] [|texas uni exercise tonic pronouns]

= Comparison =


 * [[image:shfrench/comp.png caption="comp.png"]]

[|french about com info comparative and superlative]

To understand the use of "mieux" versus "meilleur" (better) and "plus mauvais" versus "pire" (worse), it is important to remember the differece between bon and bien (good/well) and "mauvais" and "mal" (bad-ly).



<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|test bon bien mauvais mal] || [|exercises superlative] = = = LES CONNECTEURS LOGIQUES =

[|Typologie des connecteurs] [|Connecteurs logiques] Choix d'exercices pour niveaux différents. SUPER! [|connecteurs de temps et d'énumération] Facile. d'abord, ensuite, après [|Quiz connecteurs logiques]\ [|Articulateurs du discours] //puis, comme, une fois, enfin, particulièrement, ainsi que, surtout, aussi// [|Gap fill exercise] //Range of connectors. context: Television// [|Links to exercises] FLE links [|French.about conjonctions] = SAVOIR VERSUS CONNAITRE = [|savoir et connaitre]

= QUESTIONS = [|FLE question exercises] [|Word order in questions]

3 Basic question types exist:
1. Question utilisée à l'oral (français familier) ** //2. Inversion (français standard/soutenu)// ** // Veux // //-tu du chocolat?// 3. Question avec "est-ce que"
 * // Tu veux du chocolat? // **
 * // Est-ce-que tu veux du chocolat? // **

These can be combined with a number of interrogative pronouns, such as
 * Combien (how many, how much)
 * Où (where)
 * Pourquoi (why)
 * quand (when)
 * avec qui (with whom)
 * pour qui (for whom)


 * // 1. Combien en veux-tu? //**
 * // 2. Tu en veux combien? //**
 * // 3. Combien est-ce que tu en veux? //**

[|Question words exercise] [|More questions] [|and another one about questions]

Qui and Que

[|Explication and exercise qui/que] very helpful [|Qu'est-ce que and qu'est-ce qui] [|Texas Uni que and qui SUPER]

Les adjectifs interrogatifs (Interrogative Adjectives) QUEL, QUELLE, QUELS, QUELLES
The interrogative adjective quel (which, what) is used with nouns. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it refers to. [|quel exercises]
 * ** // Quelle heure est-il? // **
 * ** // Quel est son nom? // **
 * ** // Quelles chaussures sont les plus pratiques pour le voyage? // **
 * ** // Quels fruits choisir? // **

LEQUEL - Interrogative Pronoun
Lequel is used to determine an object or person out of a choice Lequel **(laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, duquel, desquels, auquel, auxquel**

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Il y a deux tableaux. Laquelle veux-tu?** //Lequel des deux// jupes //est-ce que tu préfères: le rouge ou le vert?//

Exercises galore:
[|Gap fill questions] [|Questions] [|TV5 questions]